Planning Assessments

When you first enter the field of teaching, the word "assessment" may have a very precise and inflexible meaning to you: An exam, or a test. As we study the structure of Standards, designing Pacing Guides, Units, and individual lessons, it becomes very necessary to examine and reconsider the idea of an "assessment" as an absolute, and start to implement the term in a more fluid concepts.

This is where formative assessments become a completely different aspect to how teaching, and learning, take place. Of course, it is reasonable to suggest and understand that someone being given a set of instructions will not produce intended work without first "forming" an appropriate and correct practice through a series of informal performance measures. This is where the "formative" part comes in.

Formative assessments challenge teachers to assess students without emphasizing the delivery of a grade. In schools and administrations where grades alone are the de facto standard that measures learning, and sometimes by extension a teacher's performance, an undue emphasis on the specific number or letter of grades can very realistically dictate how certain performance standards are addressed in the classroom. The key is to take the weight of the term "assessment" out of Formative Assessments.

This is not to say that formative assessments lack meaning. This is only to clarify that formative assessments are not meant to be tied directly to a grade. In getting students from concept to production, we as teachers need to have many graded steps along the way. A formative assessment, then, becomes merely another tool in the box to gauge student understanding and responsiveness, and adjust accordingly. As such, formative assessments can take many shapes.

Allow me to frame my approach. The standard I have chosen to examine for this Unit and Module remains the Common Core State Standard ELA- Literacy W.8.8:

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.

Having unpacked an analysed the myriad objectives revealed by this standard, it is difficult for me to assign three formative assessments to only one standard. This is because, again, I'm not correctly "unpacking" the term formative assessment, but also I am approaching the standard from a built-int and differentiated view of an ESL/EFL teacher.

In the introductory phase (Lesson 1) of the Unit, I set for students a formative assessment that included completing a Digital Scavenger Hunt, worksheet, and exchange of information. Those activities, each on their own, could reasonably be categorized as formative assessments. At each stage, students are asked to identify, record, and relate their findings. What lacks is a decisive focus on the activities as formative, which is notable not only because student proficiency is needed in all areas of this assessment in order to enter the next stage,  but also because the stages of the assessment require proficiency in more than one skill area pertaining to my particular classroom: Comprehension in English, Recording/Writing in English, and Speaking in English.

So let's examine the next step in what I have termed "Research Unit." In specific terms, this objective is:

Students will be able to identify the validity of information found on the internet.

 In the ESL/EFL classroom, this objective branches into a few others pertaining to specific language skills in Reading, Writing, and Speaking that I have mentioned above. Therefore, my implementation of formative assessments based on this objective are going to inevitably skew towards those lingual skills and eventually culminate in assessments across those areas. In this type of situation, formative assessments must be delivered consistently, with purpose, and with a multi-faceted focus. Teaching English literacy across all curricular skills requires this level of coordination, and as such my assessments need to be encompassing, while at the same time focused.

To being, let's make some assumptions of the ESL/EFL classroom:

1. Students have demonstrated proficiency in understanding the term "google," etymologically and in context, as a noun and a verb.

2. Students have demonstrated the ability to collaborate, identify, and articulate their findings in a rudimentary Digital Scavenger Hunt. This, in and of itself, is three formative assessments: A. Reading-- Demonstrate the ability to locate and comprehend information on the internet; B. Writing-- Record information on a worksheet; and, C. Listening & Speaking-- Relate information to others to complete missing information.

3. Students are now progressing to the 2nd stage of the Research Unit.


ACTIVITY: The Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus

In this activity, students will be prompted to study ad legitimize the existence of the Northwest Tree Octopus--famously, the internet site is a hoax: http://zapatopi.net/treeoctopus/.

There's a lot of content on the hoax webpage in terms of reading--for example, use of scientific terms and their meaning in context, examination of persona and voice in "Blog," "News," and "FAQs," In order to appropriately fit this activity into an ESL/EFL classroom, one would need to identify and expand student reading comprehension proficiency.

Formative Assessment #1:

Answer the following questions about the webpage using information found:

1. What is the tree octopus's natural habitat?
2. Why is it "endangered"?
3. When have people reported seeing this creature?
4. What is the most recent "News" the website has to offer?
5. Why does the website have a gift shop?
6. What is the "look" and "feel" of the website? 

The first formative assessment seeks to gauge student comprehension of the information they've found. It is very likely at this stage that students will discover the website contains questionable /joke information; however, some students may struggle to interpret the information, and others may find it difficult to describe why they believe the information is not true.

This assessment can be conducted in many ways:

1. Large group discussion 
     --Set questions as a discovery task; corroborate evidence of activity in inquiry-based learning.
2. Table group quiz 
     --Set an amount of time that table groups can work on the research questions together; have set questions they need to identify before them.
     --Can also be something like a Kahoot! quiz, which focuses on MCQ format and is a good practice run for periodic exams.


3. Intensive Study  
     --Best for less verbal/lower proficiency students: Conduct the exploration of the Tree Octopus Webpage, and record answers individually or in pairs (for individual submission). This assessment supposes that students will need more time to comprehend information contained on the webpage, and may contain additional steps:
               --Targeted vocabulary/ words in context/ explanation 
               --Vocabulary word study: Find the word, examine its context, and determine its part of speech. Use the word in your own example sentence.
                            --Again, something like Kahoot! quiz could reinforce correct reading of new vocabulary words and their context.
                --Proceed to Table Group Quiz in subsequent class session.


Formative Assessment #2

At this stage, students will be asked to  conduct independent research as to why they believe the website is true, or false. This will provoke students to seek secondary sources that corroborate their information.

Note: High-performers would have found this already by exploring the "News" links on the webpage; less proficient students will benefit from the process.

This assessment beckons students to return to Google: a quick Google search about the Northwest Tree Octopus will at least yield a Wikipedia page about the hoax. Also, there is at least one NPR "snippet" about the page's popularity as satire. This prompts several different possible explorations:

1. The contents of a Wikipedia page, with special attention to its reference practices and works cited section.

2. How other webpages (Wikipedia, NPR) are credible and how they cite their sources.

Assessment:

#1: Exit ticket: Students describe how they discovered that the webpage was a hoax, and why/how they used different sources to prove it.

#2 Students complete another Digital Scavenger Hunt in subsequent sessions which asks them to find information on the internet, and then defend their sources according to the tree octopus page example.

What's become important to me to remember about formative assessments is that they can take many shapes, and may be immensely mutable according to individual student, and even perhaps class, need. The emphasis, then, on planning for them is to realize and account for branching assessments that may be needed, points that may need to be re-taught, and adjustments or contingency in your lesson plans to accommodate for diverse needs.

Understanding and Applying Standards

In Unit 1 of  TEACH-NOW Module 5, we've been tasked with understanding and applying overarching standards that will drive our development of curriculum and learning activities in the classroom. Standards are, while mandated, are very necessary component of determining appropriate approaches to learning--the key in managing and applying the standards lies in being able to connect them with specific student output that demonstrates learning has taken place.

My approach to this Unit's content has been to select Common Core State Standards that are relevant to my teaching at this moment. Unpacking those standards, that is, driving to the very heart of the intended performance and learning indicators, is designed to direct an educator's study of applicable standards in order to apply these standards meaningfully in context. From there, the idea of Backwards Mapping helps educators draw lines to the language of the standard and what students are actually doing in their classroom.

The choice of Common Core State Standards for this Unit has helped me apply some standards to the seemingly random input nature of Communicative-based language instruction. Although my school has determined a mission and a coherent set of values and expectations for student achievement, what lacks is a specific structure of standards guiding curriculum. Required material is approached from a basis of content and what should be known, but not a lot of direction is supplied in terms of what students will do with the knowledge they are required to understand, replicate, and produce.

In a typical Unit from our academic English textbook, a variety of language structures and goals are contained under an umbrella of keyword content--a sort of unifying concept behind the language goals for that particular Unit. Listening, Reading, Writing, Speaking, Grammar, and Vocabulary are all taught concurrently, though the skills in the textbook build on previous Unit competencies, they can at times remain isolated from one another. As the teacher, it's therefore my job to attempt to thread the content to a reasonable demonstration of skills and the desired output for the Unit--usually in measurable written and speaking tasks.

Working with the Common Core State Standard to Research and Build Knowledge: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.8.8  as well as the Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas: CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.SL.8.6 has given me insight into how to perform backwards mapping to meet overarching sets of standards. We're often thinking in terms of what we want students to do--if anything, I frequently start from a desired project, written assignment, or other kind of output to have something interesting to do in class that can engage learners and help them apply what they are studying.

In that sense, it was refreshing to learn that Backwards Mapping is sort of, kind of, what I've already been trying to practice--however without the specific terminology and method, and without that guiding light of standard to which I can connect student activity.

Of the materials studied this Unit, I remain very interested in exploring more of Grant Wiggins and Jay McTighe's Understanding By Design. In reviewing and working with design templates, I found myself really excited by the possibilities of integrating dozens of learning experiences and assessment into curriculum and keeping that engagement front and center. Designing and implementing more sophisticated lessons is what my teaching practice needs to become more relevant for myself, my students, and their learning experiences beyond my classroom. 

A challenge that has been revealed to me over the course of the Unit was how to manage my activity independently, selecting CC State Standards that are not in place in my particular teaching position at present. There's no requirement for me to do this, but in encountering the challenges of instilling certain understandings and practices in my students--particularly the use of information, and the language skill of paraphrase--into meaningful work.

My students are almost exclusively English Language Learners--some higher-level students are remarkably fluent in the language, but in the teaching of academic concepts of research, cross-curricular literacy, and presentation/speaking convention, you can find very easily in even the most fluent students a big gap in realizing what these concepts mean.

This adds another layer to incorporating applicable standards into my classroom learning activities--that of differentiation to meet myriad layers of ELL understanding and higher-order thinking in this area among my students. I expect applying a ELA-Literacy standard to an ELL classroom is going to have a few more steps than you may see in a native-speaking classroom-- steps that integrate with each other in the areas of Reading Comprehension & Analysis, Vocabulary Development, Cultural understanding of decorum (especially in Presentation-style speaking and using appropriate body language), which can also apply to the culturally-centric notion of Digital Citizenship.

In writing the above paragraph, I realized that those things I've mentioned above are most likely also present in a classroom of young native-English speakers as well. I think the key to understanding my position is developing relevant materials within the sphere of each standard that differentiate to my particular group of students-- beginning with the focus of ELL/ESL/EFL, and further differentiating from there based on student need. 

Overall, I think I have a lot to benefit from in Units such as these--pulling down the standard, magnifying it, breaking it down, and working backwards from tasks to develop the meaningful content I can apply, is the real meat and potatoes of teaching, to me. I've been working backwards already to meet the language objectives of the text I teach, which leads to several manifestations of testing environments, but what was different this time was really exploring the objectives and practices that speak to the greater standards and their "Big Ideas." Big ideas are good! It's having the tools to get from idea to reality that is really important in delivering, again, a meaningful and applicable learning experience, and even to "level up" our own skills as educators.

Standards and Backwards Mapping

Overview

When choosing a standard to unpack and work with over the course of this Unit and Module, I faced several applicable choices. While I will speak a little bit more to my impressions of incorporating Common Core State Standards into my courses and curriculum in the conclusions of this post, for study and development I have decided to choose an ELA/Literacy standard focusing on Research to Build and Present Knowledge:

CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.W.8.8

Gather relevant information from multiple print and digital sources, using search terms effectively; assess the credibility and accuracy of each source; and quote or paraphrase the data and conclusions of others while avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.

I will apply this standard to 8th Grade English Language Arts as the main part of a competency Unit in Information Gathering and Using Research. I expect that Unit would be taught concurrently with other applicable standards in the areas of Reading: Craft and Structure, and Speaking: Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas.

I chose this standard to develop for Module 5 as it relates directly to my current work in English as a Second Language, and the vision of my current school to instill a level of academic preparation in its students to pursue University opportunities abroad in English-speaking countries. As such, students are often very unfamiliar with the standards surrounding proper use of information for academic purposes in English-speaking countries and education systems. Understanding plagiarism and paraphrase is a much higher-order thinking skill in the English subject area than students are used to dealing with: Learning the language by rote and having few opportunities to experiment with fluency and communication outside of school does not often provide enough opportunities for students to understand the importance of using information responsibly and striving to remain original when producing academic work.

Additionally, this standards supplies good foundation-work in research practices to be expanded in other subject fields, particularly the Sciences. Instilling the understanding of how to use information properly from a lingual standpoint will be utilized and integrated as students move into higher levels and perform more intense academic-based research intended to gain admission into high education institutions on an international level.

Student Proficiency 

By the end of the Information-Gathering and Research Unit, Students will be proficient in the following areas:

1. Students can use internet search to find and gather information needed for work on various topics.
2. Students can identify and select appropriate source information for their research.
3. Students can properly quote, paraphrase, and cite source information in their work.

Assessment

• Two-tiered Digital Information Scavenger Hunt: 
1. Find information related to a topic and relate that information to others.
2. Find information related to a topic, and defend your source.
• Paraphrasing Quiz: Identification, and Production
• Written Assessment: Article about a Special Dish from another culture/country.
• Students perform research about a Special Dish, noting the significance of the dish in the following areas:
• Presence in cultural/traditional celebrations
• History and development of the dish
• Special or ceremonial preparation

Activities/ Learning Experiences 

1. Digital Information Scavenger Hunt #1

• Primary/ Formative Assessment: Students use a list of topics to find detailed information about, noting the website on which they discovered the information and the search terms they used to find the website.

2. The Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus (http://zapatopi.net/treeoctopus/)

• Reinforces the standard of proficiency in identifying and selecting credible and accurate sources of information.
• Students explore the internet to experience false websites, websites that contain questionable/inaccurate information, and websites that are valid sources of information.
• Outcome: Prove or disprove the existence of the Tree Octopus.
• Guiding Question: How do you discover and determine the validity of information on the internet?
• Students complete a series of steps designed to uncover the truth of the Tree Octopus-- that it a hoax webpage.

3. Digital Information Scavenger Hunt #2

•  Students use a list of topics to find detailed information about, either proving or disproving the information and building a defense for their source of information.
• Students categorize source information in three ways: False/Hoax/Scam, Clickbait/Gossip/Tabloid, and Credible/Journalistic/Academic.
• Formative Assessment: Information Exchange and Peer evaluation: Students defend findings and source information. 

4. Using quotes & Understanding paraphrase

• Students explore different types of inspirational/funny/witty quotes their source.
• Activity: Students paraphrase quotes in a variety of different ways, using a roundtable differentiation/variation activity that builds on information given in a previous response.
• Students apply foundations of paraphrase to different sources of information.
• Assessment: Quiz to identify correctly paraphrased material, and produce an acceptable paraphrase materials.

Other Standards Relevant to the Unit

In developing this Unit for Module 5, other skill competencies and their attendant standards have been revealed as useful connections to draw to the proficiencies outlined above.

Specifically, the following from 8th grade Reading: Craft and Structure and Speaking: Presentation of Knowledge and Ideas, respectively:

CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RI.8.6Determine an author's point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how the author acknowledges and responds to conflicting evidence or viewpoints.

CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.SL.8.5

Integrate multimedia and visual displays into presentations to clarify information, strengthen claims and evidence, and add interest.

Working backwards from the Reading standard, students will integrate comprehension skills to understand material contained in internet sources, as well as their perspectives and purpose.

Applying the same method to the Speaking/ Presentation standard, students can utilize their understanding of selecting and using source information to build and present ideas, generate interest in chosen topics, and present their knowledge from a base of accurate information.

Integrating both of these standards into the Information Gathering and Using Research Unit can reinforce literacy across different types of reading materials, particularly electronic/internet-based materials, and move students forward into utilizing information to develop presentation and speaking competencies. The end result would be students that understand how to interpret different types of texts, identify their usefulness as sources of information, and interpret that information for the purpose of building a presentation.

Sources:

1. Common Core State Standards Initiative. Retrieved from: http://www.corestandards.org/ELA-Literacy.

2. ACSDAuthor Jay McTighe: The Greatest Lesson Learned (2014 Jan 27) [Video File] Retrieved: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KUtzbJtS1aY

3. Wiggins, Grant (2005- Sept). Understanding by Design: Overview of UBD and the Design Template. [PDF document] Retrieved:  http://www.grantwiggins.org/documents/UbDQuikvue1005.pdf

4. The Glossary of Education Reform (2013, Dec 13). Backward Design [Weblog comment] Retrieved: http://edglossary.org/backward-design/

Applying Classroom Rules and Procedures

As any well-seasoned teacher will tell you, having rules simply posted on your classroom wall is not going to embed much of an incentive for students to follow them on their own volition. A large part of teaching is managing your classroom environment so that you can accomplish your educational and professional goals with your classes.

I've been guilty of this, still in my first few years of teaching. Well, there's a sign on the wall, why aren't they getting it? A healthy part of growing and developing involves testing your boundaries, taking risks, and launching silent or overt protests to your restrictions--and my students have proven to be no exception.

This year, I took a healthy look at my classroom rules, tried to make them succinct as possible, and also tried to very broadly outline positive and negative consequences that could be experienced for each rule. To chart them all would be exhaustive for this activity, but I have chosen what I consider to be one of the most prominent rules of the room: No Electronics Without Permission.

I have chosen to highlight positive and negative student interactions with this rule because I found myself designing many more activities dependent on, or at least with the option to use, technology to develop student work. As such, my students very often find themselves with the ability to use electronics in my class--and also, with many opportunities to take liberty with the rule. It's difficult for a plugged-in young person to discriminate between appropriate and inappropriate classroom behaviors--and sometimes even if they can, they will implement a game of cat-and-mouse. I've already found a few rather gaping holes in my policy--relying too heavily on a smartphone to complete class work, for one--so the intricacies of this rule are always in flux.

The challenge with pinpointing and implementing positive reinforcement for appropriate interactions with classroom rules remains the human tendency to only be vigilant for, point out, and remember the infractions. Using electronics without permission in classes comes with a whole set of reporting procedures that every student at my school is eager to avoid. Negative interactions with this rule are therefore very easy to prescribe consequences toward.

For example, students will often try to sneak a few rounds in of whatever game they please while using their electronics to complete classwork--especially if they are fast-finishers. This is typically pretty easy to spot--they've completed the work as quickly and carelessly as possible, so they can re-costume their avatar or launch virtual battles with other students in the class, and it almost always culminates in several surrounding students crowding around one device, abandoning their own work, to see the action in progress.

In response to these instances, I step in immediately and confiscate the device. I have a daily behavior/classwork checklist that I use for all students, and this infraction gets noted on that list. Once class has ended, the student and I have a brief conversation about why the device was taken, and how it cannot be used for the remainder of the week to complete classwork. Usually this stops the problem, because the student knows I have taken notice of them, and they also know the next step--confiscation of the device again, but this time the student must go to the behavior "Supervisors" as they're known in my school for retrieval. This results in a larger consequence for the student, as if they have visited the Supervisors too many times on the same offense, parents will be notified.

I've never had to take the issue much farther than just revoking electronics privileges for certain students in the class. Yet, I haven't put much thought into tracking positive behaviors--there again, because I make little marks and ticks for students causing concern, leaving the well-behaved set blank, with no distinguishing plan for their behavior.

I imagine a flowchart for implementing positive and negative consequences regarding the Electronics Rule as thus:



ACKNOWLEDGING POSITIVE BEHAVIORS
At the beginning of this year, I formed small group "committees" in my classes to help me identify and implement positive rewards for following classroom rules and displaying good behavior. The results of this have been mixed, but I can say that appealing for student buy-in to this process has created what I feel a higher level of enthusiasm for class activities, as now they are able to see a "light," as it were, in terms of how I will incentivize their positive interactions with my rules.

Myself, I do not like token economies. As a subject teacher, I handle too many classes to make the system consistent and efficient. Many of my classes have an economy system implemented by their homeroom teachers--and as the educator that spend the most time building their class culture and reinforcing their behavior in the school at-large, I think it is a more appropriate system for them.  In truth, I encounter a lot of competition between students in my classes, and a token economy system would only serve to breed discontent, in my eyes. My class sizes are rather large, so giving a list of choices for class incentives, and appealing to the class to reach a consensus, builds our own community with a kind of democratic tone.

Building positive incentives around the above rule regarding electronics can be tricky at times, because I'd like to eventually see equal consideration and priority given by students to all classroom rules. Using an electronic device in class, in and of itself, is its own reward for many students, so how can I expand the incentives shown above to encompass other, perhaps less savory rules, in my class?

I think the biggest challenge for me, moving forward, will be to stay aware of positive student interactions with all classroom rules, and having a clear plan on how to approach the discussion of incentives. Reflecting on this, I feel as though many of my classes have been doing well, and that they probably don't know how much I appreciate their work if I've been focused solely on corralling the trouble-makers. So striking the balance, and giving incentives for students with good behavior, would in itself make an example to others about how their behavior in my classroom matters.

Creating High Performance Learning Environments

In this week's post, I'm going to take a look at three factors that can influence how teachers create a high-performance learning environment: Norms and Procedures in the classroom, Behavior Expectations, and Academic Expectations.

Example #1: "Roller Coaster" Physics project in a 5th grade classroom:


Norms & Procedures: 

In order for this type of Performance to be achieved, the norms and procedures of the classroom have to be well-established. In this case, the teacher takes great care to create specific groups roles for students, and construct the means by which the group have to control their actions (for examples, budgeting for supplies used to construct their designs). She also intently structures the time students have to develop work individually before placing them in a discussion setting where they must reach a consensus before moving forward. I think these actions reflect the norms and procedures of individual work, group work, and collaboration already established in this classroom.

Academic Expectations:

At every turn, the teacher is eliciting student response and defense of their designs and modifications using academic terminology, and the key concepts she has taught in order for the project to take shape. She places inquiries to the students designed to get them to think critically about their actions as a group, and challenges them to explain their thinking behind modifications. Additionally, she checks for a thought-process behind groups' use of materials, and how and why they are selecting specific materials, always guiding the responses back to something based in the academic material.

Behavior Expectations:

It is clear that the students here are used to operating under the expectation that they will function and work together as a group. Additionally, their behavior in the round-table discussion where they share individual insights and guiding purposes behind their designs shows that they operate under an expectation that they will not only complete the task set before them, but bring their very best to the task.


Example #2: 3rd Grade Chinese Math Class



Norms & Procedures
The very evident classroom norm displayed here is that student will speak and engage with their teacher in Chinese, despite very probably not being native speakers of the language. Another norm that we see in this video is that of participation--students are comfortable volunteering and processing academic subject matter in another language, and doing so is encouraged by the instructor. A procedure that is present is reflected by the students' transition responses from rote memorization of the multiplication rhyme to the instructor-led example of doing a new mathematical process, which is reminiscent of the Whole Brain Teaching method "Eyes and Hands."

Academic Expectations:
In this video, the teacher not only expects students to use the Chinese language, but also expects the new (or perhaps revised) concept to be easily understood.

Behavior Expectations:
Here again the teacher uses a physical call and answer transition method to call attention to a shift in activity from the practice of the math rhyme to the practice of the math concept. She has the full attention and participation of her language learners.

Example #3: Whole-Brain Teaching


Norms & Procedures:
In order to get whole brain teaching lessons to flow as nicely as they do in this example, a teacher very clearly has to establish the Norms and Procedures in the classroom. The WBT elements of "Mirror Words" and "Hands and Eyes" have been thoroughly practiced so that the students understand the expectations and cues these strategies are meant to deliver.

Academic Expectations:
Among the Academic Expectations in the Whole Brain Teaching method are the students' ability to paraphrase and re-teach a brief lesson, either whole or in part, to their peers. As demonstrated in the video, the students are placed with the responsibility to digest and re-phrase the material for their learning partners. The video would be a stronger example if it spent more time examining how exactly the students here are demonstrating that, though we do see them engaging in the work.

Behavioral Expectations:
Once again, classroom norms and procedures are silently reinforcing some underlying behavioral expectations of the students: Being at attention when lessons begin and during focused instructional periods, and displaying elements of collaboration to fully participate in the cooperative learning elements of the lesson.

Summary:
Each of these techniques demonstrates very powerful and meaningful ways to engage students and keep them excited about learning. It is very clear to see that each instructor has demonstrated control over her environment, as well as set forth very high expectations for all her students to meet.

Being an English subject teacher, I think I would choose very carefully from all three of these methods which pieces and parts would best fit the style of my classroom, and the age and tolerance of my learners. What interested me is that the teacher demonstrating the Whole Brain Teaching Method seemed to be working with middle/junior high-aged students, whereas I felt such an intense method would maybe put some of my junior-high level students off.

However, it's never a very good approach to just assume something won't work. I live and work in an Asian country--not China, but reminiscent of some of the same styles and modes of learning as the Math video--where students fundamentally do expect a higher level of involvement and authority from their teachers. Something like Mirror Words and Hands and Eyes, or rhyming and chanting and memorization, might very well be a successful mode of instruction in my classroom to help promote a positive environment of high performance.

Establishing a Positive Classroom Climate

We've all been in negative situations. In my opinion, I can't say that anyone could truthfully claim that they have enjoyed those situations. Negativity contributes to stress, pressure, feelings of low self-esteem, and anxiety. It's hardly logical to assume that such a situation or environment could contribute meaningfully to successful learning.

Taking ownership of your classroom can be an incredibly overwhelming thing. You may have many personal objectives you want to accomplish: Stylish decorations/design, ongoing collaborative spaces,  and hundreds of other things you've picked up from Pinterest but perhaps lack the focus, or inherent crafty talent, to execute. I've struggled with simply putting my classroom rules on the wall because I can't cut paper in a straight line, even after I've drawn on it with a ruler, or post things to the wall without constantly assessing my crooked scissor-craft and general inability to make things totally perfectly level.

At the end of the day, these things don't really matter. What you want to get on the wall, the things you want to put into motion, will get done. What is perhaps more crucial in the first few days of class with new students, is establishing things that aren't exactly visible.

For example: A positive classroom climate. Like the neat colored paper accents you wanted to attach to each of your classroom rule posters, it's not necessary to demand a positive climate all at once. It is an ongoing, consistently demonstrated concept that takes shape with a few guiding practices.

Thoughtful Classroom Setup and Structure

My school discourages table/desk arrangement in rows, except for tests. I myself find it hard to manage a classroom of 35 students in this arrangement as well. Because teaching English requires a lot of communication and collaboration, a project-type setup was where I eventually landed with my classroom design. Dividing a class into groups of six makes classroom activities more manageable, and puts students in a position where they can direct their own work.

This year, I decided to cash in a bunch of Amazon credit by purchasing educational "manipulatives." Additionally, I inherited a lot of books and literature readers from former colleagues, and decided to create activity stations in my classroom with all my new-ish materials.

This has been working really well. The first day of class, when our activities ended a few minutes early, rather than have students pull out their electronics and kill time before the bell rang, I told them to explore their classroom space-- The Reading Center, the Art Center, the Game Center (little puzzles and travel games), and -- my personal favorite-- the Doodle Center. This is what I did with an extra white board that usually sat blank for the school year--now it's full of student artwork, magnetic poetry creations (some needing the inevitable censorship), and a weekly Brain Bender/Riddle that my students have begun racing to decipher. Furthermore, setting up my classroom will self-directed activities available to students in their down-time silently reinforces my no-electronics-for-personal-purposes rule.

Values-Based Behavior Management

Using my school's own mission and values as a springboard, I have developed something of a thread between what we might consider ethical buzzwords-- "Honesty," "Responsibility," etc.-- to my classroom rules and policies. I reworked classroom rules from previous years to simply each one that related to a School Core Value. When it was time to discuss rewards and consequences with each of my classes, I generated a student-led team (called the "Classroom Conduct Committee") to create a list of examples of unacceptable behavior, and their attendant consequences. Additionally, the Committee was asked to create a list of rewards the class could enjoy after completing a period of time of showing excellent behavior and creating strong work. The results have been mixed--I'm already evaluating what I can do to strengthen the activity in the coming years--but I have noticed right away how much handing over this responsibility to a student-led "organization" eased tensions in the classroom regarding these issues. For one, I believe the students value having their voices heard, and are interested in being part of a classroom that takes their input and ideas into consideration-- or even a classroom that requires their ideas specifically in order to work.

As a safeguard, I created a student-teacher contract that outlined the school's standard policies of behavior and consequences, to be reviewed and signed by each student, and their parents. This same contract was developed and given to all students, putting them at a level of equal expectation. For my part, it also showed that I was aware of and understood the school policies, which is something not many students expect from foreign teachers in my situation. Even though it may sound harsh (it certainly did when I was writing it)--I think the effect this contract has had on how students approach my classroom and our activities in it has been largely positive. They see I have the same standards and expectations as their native Vietnamese teachers, placing myself on an equal level in that regard. Once the heavy stuff is taken care of, they can decide specifically what types of conduct and behavior or intolerable for their class, and how they would like to be rewarded for positive behavior.

Honoring Student Experience

As I have mentioned, an English classroom--especially an ESL/EFL classroom--relies heavily on student input, sharing, and collaboration. There is nothing that scares me more as an educator than having a silent classroom during my lessons; it reflects to me disinterest/ disengagement on the students' part with the course material, and my inability as a teacher to design a lesson that appeals to them.

In this instance, I am the foreigner, I am the person in a country not my own, among a culture not my own. I rely very heavily on my students to help me understand some of the inner-workings of the culture I live in, what is appropriate/rude, what this or that facial expression means, and so on.  Their experiences are part of my education. As such, I absolutely want them to share anything and everything they can--I want them to be able to express themselves and to think more deeply and critically about important issues and topics. The well of student experience, from talented artists to budding app-designers to the academic-types, and the literary-types, is what I need to get my classroom up and running.

What I can do to strengthen this aspect of creating positive classroom climate is try to find more classroom-reflective texts, and integrate more cultural knowledge of Vietnamese history, as well as present-day issues and topics, to create relevance in our activities.

Self-Awareness, Cultural Competency, and Ongoing Reflection and Assessment

This segues nicely into what I lack as a Caucasian-Secular-Democratic-American living, working, and teaching students of a, Asian-Buddhist-Atheistic-Socialist-Vietnam. Cultural practices and behaviors can often be very bewildering to me, especially in the realm of my rights as a foreign citizen under Vietnamese law. The interpersonal politics one can experience as a foreigner in another country can be enough to draw a negative view of that culture and people into your existence--and that is a place you really, really don't want to be. I see people lose themselves to it all the time, and admittedly, I've been there too once or twice.

Self-awareness becomes of importance in this regard when considering how little about the surrounding country, people, culture, and language I actually understand. Vietnam is famous for a very singular reason--and that reason is completely culturally-centric, to me. What Vietnam actually is is something far different than what's in our history books.

A good example of showing my ongoing learning about this place I'm living in is working with students who have a basic or below-proficiency skill in English. They still study from academic-centered textbooks, and they're often lost. So we do language exchange. Rather than tell them over and over what a "gerund" means, I instead try to find the way to explain, or at least write meta-language of grammatical terms. I've found this brings me closer to the students' level in two ways: 1) Even though they know their English skill isn't so great, they can see they are way ahead of my Vietnamese skills, and; 2) It shows them that I'm interested in helping them understand, and interested in their language, and by extension culture.

In regards to working exclusively with students of different cultures, I can consider myself as a person who values diversity, but I cannot deny that I always have something to learn when working with people and students of other races, creeds, and cultures. Inherently, and honestly, I find it extremely fascinating, but I'm also aware that my fascination might seem like tokenism or that I'm taking someone else's identity as novel. This is why it's very important to me to own my mistakes, turn over voices to the students themselves, and try to align lesson materials with the interests in my classroom.

These are only some examples of what I can do to create a positive classroom climate--in many ways, I feel as though I am helping myself shape a better climate this year. I think a big key for me has been handing over responsibility, voice, and action to the students themselves, and removing myself from the position of absolute authority. Though dominance and control do by some measure have to be asserted upon students, day-to-day reinforcement of their ideas and interests helps them find the benefit of their knowledge and relax into an environment that they can trust. This is the type of place in which I genuinely believe the best kind of learning takes place.

Mobile Learning

Using technology and coping with the fast-moving pace of information in today's world can be extremely overwhelming. As an educator, I remember when and how I first decided to open the floodgates, as it were, and let mobile devices be used in my classroom (though with a very firm set of guidelines and limitations).

Perhaps the chief factor in making this decision was recognizing that resisting technology and the use of mobile devices was an extremely inefficient use of my time and energy. Enacting a no-internet policy in a classroom fully equipped with Wifi and a student body totally plugged in to their devices and social media profiles was nothing but an uphill battle. The more I resisted the use of technology in my classroom, the more I had to fight to keep it on lockdown.

It was, and is, an outmoded approach. There's no use teaching grammar points of a foreign language from a 10-year old textbook with faded pictures, rudimentary graphic design, and tedious subject matter. While we may always have to learn from or focus our courses around some piece of text, teaching a foreign language or foreign literature to young students is never going to have an educational appeal without a link to the world outside. In other words, refusing technology and internet in the classroom is resigning yourself to the same old, same old in teaching--hardly innovative, hardly interesting, and hardly appealing to the student that is already aware and completely immersed in an active virtual world.

As such, I folded. I started scouring online video sites, educational resources, and extra exercises and practices for engaging real-world applications of language. I began relaxing and letting my students use the types of technology they had learned in other classes, or on their own-- the types of programs, apps, and websites that interested them, or had platforms they easily understood and were good at manipulating. I began integrating technology-based options into assignments, mini-presentations, and projects--and then I sat back and observed as my students became more engaged, and more prolific. I learned at least half a dozen new programs and technologies that were out there for users to access and create things with.

This has led me to what I feel is a very important conclusion in my professional development: A teacher needs to be prepared to integrate and use technology in his or her classroom.

That being said, using technology and mobile devices in a classroom isn't a catch-all. What follows are some principles I've created for myself when integrating technology in my classroom:

1. Utilize information wisely. 

Information and resources available through the internet or digital apps shouldn't replace teaching, or what you are doing in the classroom. Rather, the availability of this information is a priceless tool you as an educator can use to guide your students to new ideas and ways of understanding material. In an ESL classroom, access to this kind of information provides an endless source of authentic English material, and can link important skills and concepts from lessons and curriculum to real-world applications.

A good way I've found to "dip" students into using online resources in my classroom is by getting them as involved as possible on a Learning Management System platform. There are hundreds of such platforms out there, but what my school is using currently has an appeal to class/course design, and not just a virtual quiz-maker and gradebook. When I created my courses this year, I did it with using this system to create an online enclave for my classes in mind. Since then, I've been able to link to my lesson materials, link to additional resources that reinforce the lesson materials, create assignments and monitor submissions, and also create class discussions as quick assessments of lesson material. Encouraging students to communicate with me and each other in a safe online space is a potentially great springboard for teaching responsible online behavior, as well.

2. Make mobile learning activities relevant & meaningful.

The power that you have a teacher to access and utilize this information is great, and with it comes great responsibility. Information should be relevant, useful, and appropriate for the classroom, not a source of empty entertainment or pop-culture fluff that will keep students interested, no doubt, but not exactly demonstrate a teaching point accurately.

When using online content, or using specific apps or online tools for lessons and learning outcomes, you always have to know what you are doing. Is the online tool/content/app appropriate for the activity--is it a good fit?

For example, I plan to give students the option of using an online infographic creation tool for an upcoming assignment to create and present a poster with interesting facts about a World City. IN order to do this, I have to locate and provide a list of resources they can use to complete the activity--resources with free, user-friendly tools, not subscription-based or designed for advanced users. I also have to decide how to guide student decision towards using this resource--is it convenient for use on a tablet? Across Mac/Windows platforms? Will it be easy and cost-efficient to export and print for display purposes? And, I expect I will always have to explain why they can't create such materials using their smart phones.

These are all very important considerations for the success of the activity.

3. Make activities measurable.

Perhaps one of the greatest challenges in using technology and mobile devices regularly in your classroom is that you have to put some time and effort in to re-think your assessment scheme. How cna you measure the student's use of their devices, or the technological tool you have guided them toward? How can you account for a digital divide in classrooms where technology is BYOD (Bring Your Own Device)--is it a group ro partner-based activity? How can you assessment all group members' involvement?

As we connect our classrooms to online worlds, extensions, and applications, we also have to be able to connect them back to the classroom. It isn't enough to create an online set of Vocabulary flashcards and then say to students, "OK, go do this." The measurement of a student's ability to access the flashcards and complete the exercise has to come back to a hands-on application of skills in some way.